In the world of sound synthesis, modulation is the magic ingredient that breathes life into static tones. Without it, synthesised sounds can feel flat and uninspiring, lacking the dynamic qualities that make music engaging. Modulation introduces movement, complexity, and expressiveness by altering sound parameters over time. This transformative process is essential for creating evolving textures, rhythmic patterns, and emotionally resonant performances. In this short article, we’ll explore the importance of modulation in synthesis, delve into its practical uses, and uncover creative applications within a synthesiser to enhance your sound design journey.
Understanding Modulation
At its core, modulation involves using one signal (the modulator) to control another signal (the carrier). In the context of synthesis, this means employing various modulation sources to alter aspects of your sound over time, such as pitch, amplitude, or timbre. Common modulation sources include Low-Frequency Oscillators (LFOs), envelopes, key tracking, velocity sensitivity, and performance controls like the modulation wheel, aftertouch and MPE.
Modulation is pivotal because it adds movement and life to sounds, preventing them from remaining static and monotonous. It enhances expressiveness, allowing for more emotional and dynamic performances that respond to player input. By expanding movement possibilities, modulation unlocks a wider range of sounds and textures unattainable with fixed parameters. It’s essential for crafting complex sound designs, from evolving pads to intricate rhythmic sequences.
Modulation Sources and Uses
Low-Frequency Oscillators (LFOs)
LFOs operate at frequencies below the audible range (typically below 20 Hz) and are not heard directly. Instead, they modulate parameters like pitch, amplitude, and filter cutoff to introduce movement. For example, modulating pitch with an LFO can create a vibrato effect, adding a subtle, periodic variation that brings a sustained note to life. Similarly, modulating amplitude produces tremolo, causing the volume to fluctuate and adding dynamic interest. Using an LFO to modulate filter cutoff can make the timbre of a sound evolve over time, enhancing its expressiveness.
Envelopes
Envelopes are control signals that change over time, typically triggered when a note is played. They shape the sound by controlling parameters such as amplitude, filter cutoff, or pitch throughout the duration of a note. The classic ADSR envelope (Attack, Decay, Sustain, Release) defines how quickly a sound reaches its peak (attack), how it decreases to the sustain level (decay), how long it stays at the sustain level, and how it fades away after the key is released (release).
By adjusting these stages, you can mimic the dynamic characteristics of various instruments. For instance, a sharp attack and quick decay can emulate the percussive quality of a piano, while a slow attack and long release can replicate the swelling sound of a string ensemble. Envelopes are vital for adding expressiveness and realism to synthesised sounds.
Key Tracking (Keyboard Follow)
Key tracking modulates parameters based on which key is pressed, allowing for natural variations across the keyboard. Applying key tracking to the filter cutoff means that higher notes can sound brighter while lower notes sound warmer, mirroring the behaviour of many acoustic instruments. This modulation ensures that the sound remains balanced and expressive throughout its range, adding to the musicality of your performance.
Velocity and Aftertouch
Velocity sensitivity responds to how hard you strike the keys, while aftertouch responds to the pressure applied after the initial key press. These modulation sources allow for dynamic expression, enabling you to control parameters like volume, brightness, or vibrato intensity based on your playing technique. Mapping velocity to multiple parameters can result in nuanced performances that capture the subtle expressions of acoustic instruments, making your synthesised sounds more engaging and emotionally resonant.
Modulation Wheel and Other Controllers
Physical controls like the modulation wheel, pitch bend, and expression pedals offer real-time modulation capabilities. Assigning these controllers to key parameters such as vibrato depth, filter cutoff, or effects intensity allows you to manipulate sounds on the fly, adding a human, performative touch.
Creative Applications of Modulation Within a Synthesiser
So, how to utilise these modulation sources in a synthesiser? Most synthesisers have modulation capabilities, but not all are equally in depth. Whether you’re using a physical synth or a VST, here’s a (non exhaustive) list of some practical creative uses.
Evolving Pads
Evolving pads are staple sounds in ambient, cinematic, and electronic music genres. By using slow LFOs to modulate parameters like filter cutoff, oscillator mix, and effects settings, you can create pads that change subtly over time. Modulating the wavetable position in a wavetable synthesiser, for example, can morph the sound between different textures, adding more depth.
Rhythmic Sequences
Modulation is key to creating rhythmic sequences that add movement to your tracks. Syncing LFOs or step sequencers to your project’s tempo allows you to modulate parameters rhythmically. For instance, modulating filter cutoff or amplitude with a tempo-synced LFO can produce rhythmic gating effects.
Complex Leads and Basses
By combining multiple modulation sources, you can design leads and basses that are both expressive and dynamic. Modulating pitch with an envelope can create quick glide effects at the start of a note, adding character to lead sounds. Similarly, applying envelope modulation to distortion parameters can make bass sounds more aggressive during the attack phase. Layering modulation on filters, oscillators, and effects allows you to craft unique bespoke sounds that stand out.
Experimenting with FM and AM Synthesis
Frequency Modulation (FM) and Amplitude Modulation (AM) synthesis involve using one oscillator to modulate the frequency or amplitude of another, resulting in rich, complex timbres with unique harmonic content. FM synthesis is famous for creating bell-like tones and metallic textures, while AM synthesis can produce interesting rhythmic and tonal variations.
Textural Soundscapes
For experimental music and sound design, modulation can introduce unpredictability and evolution. Applying random or noise modulation sources to parameters like pitch, filter cutoff, or effects creates sounds that evolve in unforeseen ways. Modulating pan position with a random LFO, for example, can make sounds move unpredictably within the stereo field, enhancing immersion.
Utilising Audio-Rate Modulation
Audio-rate modulation occurs when modulation sources operate at audible frequencies (above 20 Hz). This technique can add new harmonics and timbres to your sounds, leading to complex and gritty textures. Modulating filter cutoff with an audio-rate oscillator, for instance, can produce growling effects, especially effective in aggressive sounds for genres like dubstep and drum and bass.
Spatial Modulation
Adding movement in the stereo field can make your sounds more engaging and three-dimensional. Modulating reverb parameters or using LFOs to automate panning creates sounds that occupy and move through space. Automating the size or decay time of a reverb effect can make a sound feel like it’s moving closer or farther away. These spatial modulation techniques enhance the depth and realism of your patch.
Quick Modulation Tips
- Start Simple: Begin with basic modulation assignments to understand their impact before adding complexity.
- Listen Critically: Use your ears to assess how modulation affects the sound, ensuring it enhances rather than detracts.
- Use Visual Feedback: Many synthesisers offer visual representations of modulation paths, helping you grasp how changes influence the sound.
- Experiment with Depth and Rate: Small adjustments in modulation depth and rate can have significant effects; don’t hesitate to tweak parameters.
- Avoid Over-Modulation: Too much modulation can make sounds chaotic; aim for balance to maintain musicality.
- Save Your Patches: When you stumble upon interesting modulation settings, save them for future use to build a library of unique sounds.
Just the Beginning
Modulation is a powerful tool that expands the expressive capabilities of any synthesiser. By understanding and harnessing various modulation sources and techniques, you can infuse your sounds with movement, emotion, and uniqueness. Modulation doesn’t just apply to synthesis though; try applying these same concepts to other aspects of your process. Modulate parameters of your DAW, or external gear via midi or CV. It’s an invitation to explore the depths of your equipment, experiment without limitations, and express yourself more fully through music.
Happy modulating!